endocardium

Fungal endocarditis is an infection of the heart's inner lining, known as the endocardium. The etiologic fungi more commonly observed are the Candida and Aspergillus species.

Eventually, they penetrate the lining of the heart (endocardium).

Severe MMVD can generate high velocity jets of regurgitation that could reach the atrium causing injury to the endocardium, which results in focal, thickened, flbrotic, endocardial lesions or tears (Figure 4) (15, 44).

The right ventricular cavity appeared dilated and cut sections showed diffuse transmural fibro-fatty replacement of the right ventricular free wall, extending into the endocardium and involving the right ventricular septum (Figure 3a).

Our previous work and that of other studies have indicated that a-SMA is expressed in migrating mesenchymal cells, which are derived from the cardiac neural crest or endocardium.[14],[15] Hence, in this study, the a-SMA expression pattern in the OFT cushion and the protrusion revealed the distribution of mesenchymal cells, which contributed to the formation of the cushion and the protrusion.

Ten of the patients also suffered from infective endocarditis (infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves), and five of these patients had prosthetic valve endocarditis, which can be particularly challenging to treat with antibiotics due to formation of bacterial biofilm.

The patients had not responded to prior conventional antibiotic therapy and were eligible for treatment with AB-SA01 under the Australian TGA SAS Category A, which allows therapy for a patient who is "seriously ill with a condition from which death is reasonably likely to occur within a matter of months, or from which premature death is reasonably likely to occur in the absence of early treatment." 10 of the patients also suffered from infective endocarditis (infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves), and 5 of these patients had prosthetic valve endocarditis, which can be particularly challenging to treat with antibiotics due to formation of bacterial biofilm.

Cardiac tumours can be benign or malignant neoplasm arising in the myocardium, endocardium or pericardium as a primary site.

These tumors, usually less than 1 cm in diameter, are held with a short stem in the endocardium. Although the pathogenesis of fibroelastomas is not known precisely, it is suggested that these tumors may be due to mechanical damage to the endothelium or to hamartomatous disease associated with organized thrombus (6).

Wall thickening occurs and the distance between endocardium and epicardium increases by at least 20% during systole.

This system consists of a subcutaneous pulse generator and a receiver electrode implanted into the left ventricular endocardium. However, using this system patients still require concomitant conventional implantable right ventricular pacing devices, as the left ventricular endocardial pacing system is triggered from a conventional right ventricular pacing spike (21, 22).

Infective endocarditis is an inflammation of the endocardium and its valve.