In addition to
ornithophily and chiropterophily, there are also records of pollination of Bromeliaceae by butterflies, bees, and beetles (Benzing, 2000; Kessler & Kromer, 2000; Canela & Sazima, 2005; Siqueira Filho & Machado, 2001; Schmid, Schmid, Zillikens, & Steiner, 2011).
The present study documents the northernmost observation of
ornithophily yet reported in North America, as well as the first observations of nestling mortality due to biting black flies in the Arctic Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus tundrius).
We recorded hummingbird visits to 51 plant species, considering subspecies and varieties separately (Table 1), of which 43.1% (N = 22) were ornithophilous, 29% (N = 15) were mellitophilous, 14% (N = 7) were entomophilous, four species (8%) presented intermediate attributes between chiropterophily and
ornithophily syndrome, one (2%) species was chiropterophilous and one (2%) species was sphingophilous (Appendix 1).
Explosive flower opening in
ornithophily: a study of pollination mechanisms in some Central African Loranthaceae.
Gottschling 2006: Evolution of funnel-revolver flowers and
ornithophily in Nasa (Loasaceae).
salaccensis: Chiropterophily and
ornithophily. Biotropica 23:151-158.
Chiropterophily and
ornithophily in Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) in Samoa Plant Evolution and Systematics 144:277-290.
The pollination syndromes encountered in the plant community included: melittophily (65.2%), phalenophily (13%, including here flowers pollinated by sphingids and nocturnal moths), chiropterophily (11%),
ornithophily (6.5%), as well as cantharophily and psychophily (4.3% each).