(15.) Note that in this respect, we follow Grice (1989: 32) in thinking of irony and sarcasm as a case of
conversational implicature, and hence as possessing a level of meaning distinct from the conventional meanings a sentence expresses (see also Bach, 1994: 140; Huang, 2007: 34).
Conversational implicature in a second language: Learned slowly when not deliberately taught.
Chapter 2 deals with speech acts, while chapter three deals with reference, inference and implicature, including Grice's
conversational implicature. Chapter 4 looks at the more recent topic of politeness and its corollary, impoliteness.
Reasons to think that assertion has an epistemic norm also, interestingly, provide a reason to think that
conversational implicature has a norm as well.
But it should be, if we were dealing with a case of
conversational implicature in (1).
Alternatively, by omitting these morphological strategies, the
conversational implicature is that the speaker is, was or will not be a witness of the event expressed by the verb.
Grice HP (1981) Presupposition and
conversational implicature. Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics, 183-198.
Grice argued that we implicate more than what we say, in accordance with maxims and conventions governing
conversational implicature. We follow rules like, "Do not convey what you believe false or unjustified," and, "Be as informative as required," and these rules are matters of common knowledge.
In Chapter 9, Kent Bach introduces Paul Grice and his achievements connected with the study of meaning, the immensely influential differentiation between linguistic and speaker meaning, the account of the cooperative principle, conversational maxims and
conversational implicature. Bach shows how Grice repudiated Wittgenstein's 'meaning as use' approach by emphasizing on explanations in terms of both meaning and use.
As Grice explains, the violation of a maxim is marked by being done "quietly and unostentatiously," while to "flout" a maxim is to "blatantly fail to fulfill it," thereby giving rise to a
conversational implicature. We believe that these two ways of failing to fulfill rule (R4) can be related to the distinction of internal focalization and unreliable narration (see above, note 9): One kind of unreliable narration involves that the reader is being mislead about what is going on in the fictional world (see Stiihring 2011).