Invertebrate zoologists consider the phyla Dicyemida, Orthonectida, Placozoa, Cycliophora, Entoprocta (Kamptozoa), Chaetognatha, Pterobranchia, and
Enteropneusta along with the order Seisonidae.
Nerve cells of Xenoturbella bocki (phylum uncertain) and Harrimania kupfferi (
Enteropneusta) are positively im-munoreactive to antibodies raised against echinoderm neuropeptides.
Vargas (1987, 1988) also listed the presence of peanut worms (Sipuncula), Glottidia audebarti (Broderip, 1835) lamp shells (Brachiopoda) and acorn worms (
Enteropneusta).
1 Isopoda Natatolana 26.99 [+ or -] 37.45 0.79 gracilis Ancinus 0.63 [+ or -] 1.88 0.02 brasiliensis Mollusca Bilvavia Tivela 3250.01 [+ or -] 2245.09 95.64 mactroides Donax striatus 10.04 [+ or -] 18.48 0.30 Donax 7.53 [+ or -] 18.74 0.22 denticulatus Hemichordata
Enteropneusta 15.69 [+ or -] 17.36 0.46 Total 3398.16 [+ or -] 2254.05 Density Table 5.
Graptolithina with Sections on
Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia.
Growth and metamorphosis of planktonic larvae of Ptychodera flava (Hemichordata:
Enteropneusta).
Enteropneusta, Mollusca, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
At the bathyal level, the other dominant organisms are in the following order: amphipods, isopods, and tanaidacian crustaceans; in the abyssal plains, tanaidacians, bivalves, and isopods; in the oceanic trenches, bivalves, solenogastres (Aplacophora), acorn worms (
Enteropneusta), bryozoans, tanaidacians, and spoon worms (Echiurida).
Affinities between the Echinodermata,
Enteropneusta, and Chordonia.
Acorn worms (
Enteropneusta), a solitary class of hemichordates, are marine vermiform invertebrates that generally live concealed in burrows (Hyman, 1959).
At present, 135 hemichordate species are described: 121 are solitary
Enteropneusta, or acorn worms; and 24 are colonial, tube-dwelling Ptero-branchia (Appeltans et al., 2012; Halanych and Cannon, unpubl.